37 files changed, 364 insertions, 358 deletions

diff --git a/g4f/Provider/AItianhu.py b/g4f/Provider/AItianhu.py
index 18ab08d8..2fdcfcde 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/AItianhu.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/AItianhu.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class AItianhu(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         
         if not cookies:
             cookies = get_cookies(domain_name='www.aitianhu.com')
-            if not cookies:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://www.aitianhu.com on chrome]")
-        
+        if not cookies:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://www.aitianhu.com on chrome]")
+
         data = {
             "prompt": format_prompt(messages),
             "options": {},
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class AItianhu(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             "top_p": 1,
             **kwargs
         }
-        
+
         headers = {
             'authority': 'www.aitianhu.com',
             'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
@@ -51,31 +51,31 @@ class AItianhu(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
             'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
         }
-        
+
         async with StreamSession(headers=headers,
-                                    cookies=cookies,
-                                    timeout=timeout,
-                                    proxies={"https": proxy},
-                                    impersonate="chrome107", verify=False) as session:
+                                        cookies=cookies,
+                                        timeout=timeout,
+                                        proxies={"https": proxy},
+                                        impersonate="chrome107", verify=False) as session:
             
             async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/api/chat-process", json=data) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
-                
+
                 async for line in response.iter_lines():
                     if line == b"<script>":
                         raise RuntimeError("Solve challenge and pass cookies")
-                    
+
                     if b"platform's risk control" in line:
                         raise RuntimeError("Platform's Risk Control")
-                    
+
                     line = json.loads(line)
-                    
-                    if "detail" in line:
-                        content = line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
-                            yield content
-                    else:
+
+                    if "detail" not in line:
                         raise RuntimeError(f"Response: {line}")
+                    if content := line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get(
+                        "content"
+                    ):
+                        yield content
 
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/AItianhuSpace.py b/g4f/Provider/AItianhuSpace.py
index 46856060..d316fc6f 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/AItianhuSpace.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/AItianhuSpace.py
@@ -27,26 +27,26 @@ class AItianhuSpace(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         
         if not model:
             model = "gpt-3.5-turbo"
-        
-        elif not model in domains:
+
+        elif model not in domains:
             raise ValueError(f"Model are not supported: {model}")
-        
+
         if not domain:
             chars = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'
             rand = ''.join(random.choice(chars) for _ in range(6))
             domain = f"{rand}.{domains[model]}"
-        
+
         if debug.logging:
             print(f"AItianhuSpace | using domain: {domain}")
-        
+
         if not cookies:
             cookies = get_cookies('.aitianhu.space')
-            if not cookies:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://{domain} on chrome]")
-        
+        if not cookies:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://{domain} on chrome]")
+
         url = f'https://{domain}'
         async with StreamSession(proxies={"https": proxy},
-            cookies=cookies, timeout=timeout, impersonate="chrome110", verify=False) as session:
+                cookies=cookies, timeout=timeout, impersonate="chrome110", verify=False) as session:
             
             data = {
                 "prompt": format_prompt(messages),
@@ -71,8 +71,9 @@ class AItianhuSpace(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                         raise RuntimeError("Platform's Risk Control")
                     line = json.loads(line)
                     if "detail" in line:
-                        content = line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get(
+                            "content"
+                        ):
                             yield content
                     elif "message" in line and "AI-4接口非常昂贵" in line["message"]:
                         raise RuntimeError("Rate limit for GPT 4 reached")
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Aichat.py b/g4f/Provider/Aichat.py
index d32c99e1..77ae4429 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Aichat.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Aichat.py
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ class Aichat(AsyncProvider):
         
         cookies = get_cookies('chat-gpt.org') if not kwargs.get('cookies') else kwargs.get('cookies')
         if not cookies:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.Aichat requires cookies, [refresh https://chat-gpt.org on chrome]")
-        
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "g4f.provider.Aichat requires cookies, [refresh https://chat-gpt.org on chrome]"
+            )
+
         headers = {
             'authority': 'chat-gpt.org',
             'accept': '*/*',
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ class Aichat(AsyncProvider):
             'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
             'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
         }
-        
+
         async with StreamSession(headers=headers,
                                     cookies=cookies,
                                     timeout=6,
                                     proxies={"https": proxy} if proxy else None,
                                     impersonate="chrome110", verify=False) as session:
-            
+
             json_data = {
                 "message": format_prompt(messages),
                 "temperature": kwargs.get('temperature', 0.5),
@@ -51,14 +53,14 @@ class Aichat(AsyncProvider):
                 "top_p": kwargs.get('top_p', 1),
                 "frequency_penalty": 0,
             }
-            
+
             async with session.post("https://chat-gpt.org/api/text",
                                     json=json_data) as response:
-                
+
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 result = await response.json()
-                
+
                 if not result['response']:
                     raise Exception(f"Error Response: {result}")
-                
+
                 return result["message"]
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Ails.py b/g4f/Provider/Ails.py
index 4d072646..fae3e62a 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Ails.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Ails.py
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class Ails(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             "from-url": "https://ai.ls/?chat=1"
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             timestamp = _format_timestamp(int(time.time() * 1000))
             json_data = {
                 "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo",
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ class Ails(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 "s": _hash({"t": timestamp, "m": messages[-1]["content"]}),
             }
             async with session.post(
-                "https://api.caipacity.com/v1/chat/completions",
-                proxy=proxy,
-                json=json_data
-            ) as response:
+                        "https://api.caipacity.com/v1/chat/completions",
+                        proxy=proxy,
+                        json=json_data
+                    ) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 start = "data: "
                 async for line in response.content:
@@ -68,10 +68,9 @@ class Ails(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                     if line.startswith(start) and line != "data: [DONE]":
                         line = line[len(start):-1]
                         line = json.loads(line)
-                        token = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if token:
+                        if token := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             if "ai.ls" in token or "ai.ci" in token:
-                                raise Exception("Response Error: " + token)
+                                raise Exception(f"Response Error: {token}")
                             yield token
 
 
@@ -89,12 +88,7 @@ class Ails(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
 
 
 def _hash(json_data: dict[str, str]) -> SHA256:
-    base_string: str = "%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
-        json_data["t"],
-        json_data["m"],
-        "WI,2rU#_r:r~aF4aJ36[.Z(/8Rv93Rf",
-        len(json_data["m"]),
-    )
+    base_string: str = f'{json_data["t"]}:{json_data["m"]}:WI,2rU#_r:r~aF4aJ36[.Z(/8Rv93Rf:{len(json_data["m"])}'
 
     return SHA256(hashlib.sha256(base_string.encode()).hexdigest())
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Bing.py b/g4f/Provider/Bing.py
index 91e9dc2c..ae7f106b 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Bing.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Bing.py
@@ -56,9 +56,10 @@ class Bing(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         return stream_generate(prompt, tone, image, context, proxy, cookies)
 
 def create_context(messages: Messages):
-    context = "".join(f"[{message['role']}](#message)\n{message['content']}\n\n" for message in messages)
-
-    return context
+    return "".join(
+        f"[{message['role']}](#message)\n{message['content']}\n\n"
+        for message in messages
+    )
 
 class Conversation():
     def __init__(self, conversationId: str, clientId: str, conversationSignature: str, imageInfo: dict=None) -> None:
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ async def create_conversation(session: ClientSession, tone: str, image: str = No
     url = 'https://www.bing.com/turing/conversation/create?bundleVersion=1.1199.4'
     async with await session.get(url, proxy=proxy) as response:
         data = await response.json()
-        
+
         conversationId = data.get('conversationId')
         clientId = data.get('clientId')
         conversationSignature = response.headers.get('X-Sydney-Encryptedconversationsignature')
@@ -110,30 +111,30 @@ async def create_conversation(session: ClientSession, tone: str, image: str = No
                 new_img_binary_data = compress_image_to_base64(new_img, compression_rate)
                 data, boundary = build_image_upload_api_payload(new_img_binary_data, conversation, tone)
                 headers = session.headers.copy()
-                headers["content-type"] = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=' + boundary
+                headers["content-type"] = f'multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}'
                 headers["referer"] = 'https://www.bing.com/search?q=Bing+AI&showconv=1&FORM=hpcodx'
                 headers["origin"] = 'https://www.bing.com'
                 async with await session.post("https://www.bing.com/images/kblob", data=data, headers=headers, proxy=proxy) as image_upload_response:
-                    if image_upload_response.status == 200:
-                        image_info = await image_upload_response.json()
-                        result = {}
-                        if image_info.get('blobId'):
-                            result['bcid'] = image_info.get('blobId', "")
-                            result['blurredBcid'] = image_info.get('processedBlobId', "")
-                            if result['blurredBcid'] != "":
-                                result["imageUrl"] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['blurredBcid']
-                            elif result['bcid'] != "":
-                                result["imageUrl"] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['bcid']
-                            if config['visualSearch']["enableFaceBlurDebug"]:
-                                result['originalImageUrl'] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['blurredBcid']
-                            else:
-                                result['originalImageUrl'] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['bcid']
-                            conversation.imageInfo = result
-                        else:
-                            raise Exception("Failed to parse image info.")
-                    else:
+                    if image_upload_response.status != 200:
                         raise Exception("Failed to upload image.")
 
+                    image_info = await image_upload_response.json()
+                    if not image_info.get('blobId'):
+                        raise Exception("Failed to parse image info.")
+                    result = {'bcid': image_info.get('blobId', "")}
+                    result['blurredBcid'] = image_info.get('processedBlobId', "")
+                    if result['blurredBcid'] != "":
+                        result["imageUrl"] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['blurredBcid']
+                    elif result['bcid'] != "":
+                        result["imageUrl"] = "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=" + result['bcid']
+                    result['originalImageUrl'] = (
+                        "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid="
+                        + result['blurredBcid']
+                        if config['visualSearch']["enableFaceBlurDebug"]
+                        else "https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid="
+                        + result['bcid']
+                    )
+                    conversation.imageInfo = result
             except Exception as e:
                 print(f"An error happened while trying to send image: {str(e)}")
         return conversation
@@ -282,7 +283,18 @@ def build_image_upload_api_payload(image_bin: str, conversation: Conversation, t
         'knowledgeRequest': payload
     }
     boundary="----WebKitFormBoundary" + ''.join(random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=16))
-    data = '--' + boundary + '\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="knowledgeRequest"\r\n\r\n' + json.dumps(knowledge_request,ensure_ascii=False) + "\r\n--" + boundary + '\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="imageBase64"\r\n\r\n' + image_bin + "\r\n--" + boundary + "--\r\n"
+    data = (
+        f'--{boundary}'
+        + '\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="knowledgeRequest"\r\n\r\n'
+        + json.dumps(knowledge_request, ensure_ascii=False)
+        + "\r\n--"
+        + boundary
+        + '\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="imageBase64"\r\n\r\n'
+        + image_bin
+        + "\r\n--"
+        + boundary
+        + "--\r\n"
+    )
     return data, boundary
 
 def is_data_uri_an_image(data_uri):
@@ -329,7 +341,7 @@ def extract_data_uri(data_uri):
 
 def get_orientation(data: bytes):
     try:
-        if data[0:2] != b'\xFF\xD8':
+        if data[:2] != b'\xFF\xD8':
             raise Exception('NotJpeg')
         with Image.open(data) as img:
             exif_data = img._getexif()
@@ -347,11 +359,11 @@ def process_image(orientation, img, new_width, new_height):
         if orientation:
             if orientation > 4:
                 img = img.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
-            if orientation == 3 or orientation == 4:
+            if orientation in [3, 4]:
                 img = img.transpose(Image.ROTATE_180)
-            if orientation == 5 or orientation == 6:
+            if orientation in [5, 6]:
                 img = img.transpose(Image.ROTATE_270)
-            if orientation == 7 or orientation == 8:
+            if orientation in [7, 8]:
                 img = img.transpose(Image.ROTATE_90)
         new_img.paste(img, (0, 0))
         return new_img
@@ -362,8 +374,7 @@ def compress_image_to_base64(img, compression_rate):
     try:
         output_buffer = io.BytesIO()
         img.save(output_buffer, format="JPEG", quality=int(compression_rate * 100))
-        base64_image = base64.b64encode(output_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
-        return base64_image
+        return base64.b64encode(output_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
     except Exception as e:
         raise e
 
@@ -425,19 +436,14 @@ async def stream_generate(
         cookies: dict = None
     ):
     async with ClientSession(
-        timeout=ClientTimeout(total=900),
-        cookies=cookies,
-        headers=Defaults.headers,
-    ) as session:
+            timeout=ClientTimeout(total=900),
+            cookies=cookies,
+            headers=Defaults.headers,
+        ) as session:
         conversation = await create_conversation(session, tone, image, proxy)
         try:
-            async with session.ws_connect(
-                f'wss://sydney.bing.com/sydney/ChatHub',
-                autoping=False,
-                params={'sec_access_token': conversation.conversationSignature},
-                proxy=proxy
-            ) as wss:
-                
+            async with session.ws_connect('wss://sydney.bing.com/sydney/ChatHub', autoping=False, params={'sec_access_token': conversation.conversationSignature}, proxy=proxy) as wss:
+
                 await wss.send_str(format_message({'protocol': 'json', 'version': 1}))
                 await wss.receive(timeout=900)
                 await wss.send_str(create_message(conversation, prompt, tone, context))
@@ -451,7 +457,7 @@ async def stream_generate(
                     for obj in objects:
                         if obj is None or not obj:
                             continue
-                        
+
                         response = json.loads(obj)
                         if response.get('type') == 1 and response['arguments'][0].get('messages'):
                             message = response['arguments'][0]['messages'][0]
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatBase.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatBase.py
index 3d45b40b..8f9e2aad 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatBase.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatBase.py
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ class ChatBase(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncResult:
         chat_id = 'z2c2HSfKnCTh5J4650V0I'
-        
+
         headers = {
-            "User-Agent"         : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
-            "Accept"             : "*/*",
-            "Accept-language"    : "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
-            "Origin"             : cls.url,
-            "Referer"            : cls.url + "/",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Dest"     : "empty",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Mode"     : "cors",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Site"     : "same-origin",
+            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+            "Accept": "*/*",
+            "Accept-language": "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
+            "Origin": cls.url,
+            "Referer": f"{cls.url}/",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "empty",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "cors",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Site": "same-origin",
         }
         async with ClientSession(headers=headers) as session:
             data = {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ChatBase(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 "chatId": chat_id,
                 "conversationId": f"kcXpqEnqUie3dnJlsRi_O-{chat_id}"
             }
-            
+
             async with session.post("https://www.chatbase.co/api/fe/chat", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 async for stream in response.content.iter_any():
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Chatgpt4Online.py b/g4f/Provider/Chatgpt4Online.py
index 25208067..e81c8d4c 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Chatgpt4Online.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Chatgpt4Online.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ class Chatgpt4Online(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 "newMessage": messages[-1]["content"],
                 "stream": True
             }
-            
-            async with session.post(cls.url + "/wp-json/mwai-ui/v1/chats/submit", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
+
+            async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/wp-json/mwai-ui/v1/chats/submit", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 async for line in response.content:
                     if line.startswith(b"data: "):
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptAi.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptAi.py
index d5fd5bff..9783d868 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptAi.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptAi.py
@@ -38,18 +38,17 @@ class ChatgptAi(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             "user-agent"         : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/114.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             if not cls._system:
                 async with session.get(cls.url, proxy=proxy) as response:
                     response.raise_for_status()
                     text = await response.text()
-                result = re.search(r"data-system='(.*?)'", text)
-                if result:
+                if result := re.search(r"data-system='(.*?)'", text):
                     cls._system = json.loads(html.unescape(result.group(1)))
-                if not cls._system:
-                    raise RuntimeError("System args not found")
-                
+            if not cls._system:
+                raise RuntimeError("System args not found")
+
             data = {
                 "botId": cls._system["botId"],
                 "customId": cls._system["customId"],
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptDemo.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptDemo.py
index 9efa89ba..bc592ca6 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptDemo.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptDemo.py
@@ -37,10 +37,13 @@ class ChatgptDemo(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/", proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 response = await response.text()
-                result = re.search(r'<div id="USERID" style="display: none">(.*?)<\/div>', response)
-                if not result:
+                if result := re.search(
+                    r'<div id="USERID" style="display: none">(.*?)<\/div>',
+                    response,
+                ):
+                    user_id = result.group(1)
+                else:
                     raise RuntimeError("No user id found")
-                user_id = result.group(1)
             async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/new_chat", json={"user_id": user_id}, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 chat_id = (await response.json())["id_"]
@@ -56,6 +59,5 @@ class ChatgptDemo(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 async for line in response.content:
                     if line.startswith(b"data: "):
                         line = json.loads(line[6:-1])
-                        chunk = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if chunk:
+                        if chunk := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             yield chunk
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptFree.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptFree.py
index 806ff7cc..1bc6181a 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptFree.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptFree.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ class ChatgptFree(AsyncProvider):
         
         if not cookies:
             cookies = get_cookies('chatgptfree.ai')
-            if not cookies:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://chatgptfree.ai on chrome]")
+        if not cookies:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.{cls.__name__} requires cookies [refresh https://chatgptfree.ai on chrome]")
 
         headers = {
             'authority': 'chatgptfree.ai',
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ class ChatgptFree(AsyncProvider):
             'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
             'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
         }
-        
+
         async with StreamSession(
-            headers=headers,
-            cookies=cookies,
-            impersonate="chrome107",
-            proxies={"https": proxy},
-            timeout=timeout
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers,
+                cookies=cookies,
+                impersonate="chrome107",
+                proxies={"https": proxy},
+                timeout=timeout
+            ) as session:
             
             if not cls._nonce:
                 async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/") as response:
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ class ChatgptFree(AsyncProvider):
                     if not result:
                         raise RuntimeError("No post id found")
                     cls._post_id = result.group(1)
-                    
-                    result = re.search(r'data-nonce="(.*?)"', response)
-                    if not result:
+
+                    if result := re.search(r'data-nonce="(.*?)"', response):
+                        cls._nonce = result.group(1)
+
+                    else:
                         raise RuntimeError("No nonce found")
- 
-                    cls._nonce = result.group(1)
-            
+
             prompt = format_prompt(messages)
             data = {
                 "_wpnonce": cls._nonce,
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ class ChatgptFree(AsyncProvider):
                 "message": prompt,
                 "bot_id": "0"
             }
-            async with session.post(cls.url + "/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php",
-                                    data=data, cookies=cookies) as response:
-                
+            async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php", data=data, cookies=cookies) as response:
+
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 return (await response.json())["data"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptLogin.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptLogin.py
index fee9252d..206e4a89 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptLogin.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptLogin.py
@@ -45,10 +45,13 @@ class ChatgptLogin(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/chat/", proxy=proxy) as response:
                     response.raise_for_status()
                     response = await response.text()
-                result = re.search(r'<div id="USERID" style="display: none">(.*?)<\/div>', response)
-                if not result:
+                if result := re.search(
+                    r'<div id="USERID" style="display: none">(.*?)<\/div>',
+                    response,
+                ):
+                    cls._user_id = result.group(1)
+                else:
                     raise RuntimeError("No user id found")
-                cls._user_id = result.group(1)
             async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/chat/new_chat", json={"user_id": cls._user_id}, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 chat_id = (await response.json())["id_"]
@@ -64,8 +67,9 @@ class ChatgptLogin(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 async for line in response.content:
                     if line.startswith(b"data: "):
-                        content = json.loads(line[6:])["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := json.loads(line[6:])["choices"][0][
+                            "delta"
+                        ].get("content"):
                             yield content
             async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/chat/delete_chat", json={"chat_id": chat_id}, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptX.py b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptX.py
index 8052f65b..9a8711b9 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/ChatgptX.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/ChatgptX.py
@@ -35,14 +35,15 @@ class ChatgptX(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         async with ClientSession(headers=headers) as session:
             async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/", proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response = await response.text()
-                result = re.search(r'<meta name="csrf-token" content="(.*?)"', response)
-                if result:
+                if result := re.search(
+                    r'<meta name="csrf-token" content="(.*?)"', response
+                ):
                     csrf_token = result.group(1)
-                result = re.search(r"openconversions\('(.*?)'\)", response)
-                if result:
+                if result := re.search(r"openconversions\('(.*?)'\)", response):
                     chat_id = result.group(1)
-                result = re.search(r'<input type="hidden" id="user_id" value="(.*?)"', response)
-                if result:
+                if result := re.search(
+                    r'<input type="hidden" id="user_id" value="(.*?)"', response
+                ):
                     user_id = result.group(1)
 
             if not csrf_token or not chat_id or not user_id:
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class ChatgptX(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 'x-csrf-token': csrf_token,
                 'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest'
             }
-            async with session.post(cls.url + '/sendchat', data=data, headers=headers, proxy=proxy) as response:
+            async with session.post(f'{cls.url}/sendchat', data=data, headers=headers, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 chat = await response.json()
                 if "response" not in chat or not chat["response"]:
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/GPTalk.py b/g4f/Provider/GPTalk.py
index afb6ff68..c6b57d91 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/GPTalk.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/GPTalk.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class GPTalk(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                     "fingerprint": secrets.token_hex(16).zfill(32),
                     "platform": "fingerprint"
                 }
-                async with session.post(cls.url + "/api/chatgpt/user/login", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
+                async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/api/chatgpt/user/login", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
                     response.raise_for_status()
                     cls._auth = (await response.json())["data"]
             data = {
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ class GPTalk(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             headers = {
                 'authorization': f'Bearer {cls._auth["token"]}',
             }
-            async with session.post(cls.url + "/api/chatgpt/chatapi/text", json=data, headers=headers, proxy=proxy) as response:
+            async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/api/chatgpt/chatapi/text", json=data, headers=headers, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 token = (await response.json())["data"]["token"]
             last_message = ""
-            async with session.get(cls.url + "/api/chatgpt/chatapi/stream", params={"token": token}, proxy=proxy) as response:
+            async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/api/chatgpt/chatapi/stream", params={"token": token}, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 async for line in response.content:
                     if line.startswith(b"data: "):
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/GptChatly.py b/g4f/Provider/GptChatly.py
index f4953b78..465d2527 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/GptChatly.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/GptChatly.py
@@ -23,13 +23,15 @@ class GptChatly(AsyncProvider):
 
         cookies = get_cookies('gptchatly.com') if not cookies else cookies
         if not cookies:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"g4f.provider.GptChatly requires cookies, [refresh https://gptchatly.com on chrome]")
-        
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "g4f.provider.GptChatly requires cookies, [refresh https://gptchatly.com on chrome]"
+            )
+
         if model.startswith("gpt-4"):
             chat_url = f"{cls.url}/fetch-gpt4-response"
         else:
             chat_url = f"{cls.url}/fetch-response"
-        
+
         headers = {
             'authority': 'gptchatly.com',
             'accept': '*/*',
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ class GptChatly(AsyncProvider):
             'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
             'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
         }
-        
+
         async with StreamSession(headers=headers, 
                                  proxies={"https": proxy}, cookies=cookies, impersonate='chrome110') as session:
             data = {
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/GptForLove.py b/g4f/Provider/GptForLove.py
index 9f7156b2..28939592 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/GptForLove.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/GptForLove.py
@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ class GptForLove(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                     except:
                         raise RuntimeError(f"Broken line: {line}")
                     if "detail" in line:
-                        content = line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := line["detail"]["choices"][0]["delta"].get(
+                            "content"
+                        ):
                             yield content
                     elif "10分钟内提问超过了5次" in line:
                         raise RuntimeError("Rate limit reached")
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ class GptForLove(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
 
 def get_secret() -> str:
     dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-    include = dir + '/npm/node_modules/crypto-js/crypto-js'
+    include = f'{dir}/npm/node_modules/crypto-js/crypto-js'
     source = """
 CryptoJS = require({include})
 var k = '14487141bvirvvG'
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/GptGo.py b/g4f/Provider/GptGo.py
index 255c0ca9..6d477da0 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/GptGo.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/GptGo.py
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ class GptGo(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncResult:
         headers = {
-            "User-Agent"         : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
-            "Accept"             : "*/*",
-            "Accept-language"    : "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
-            "Origin"             : cls.url,
-            "Referer"            : cls.url + "/",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Dest"     : "empty",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Mode"     : "cors",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Site"     : "same-origin",
+            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+            "Accept": "*/*",
+            "Accept-language": "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
+            "Origin": cls.url,
+            "Referer": f"{cls.url}/",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "empty",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "cors",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Site": "same-origin",
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             async with session.get(
                 "https://gptgo.ai/action_get_token.php",
                 params={
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ class GptGo(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 token = (await response.json(content_type=None))["token"]
 
             async with session.get(
-                "https://gptgo.ai/action_ai_gpt.php",
-                params={
-                    "token": token,
-                },
-                proxy=proxy
-            ) as response:
+                        "https://gptgo.ai/action_ai_gpt.php",
+                        params={
+                            "token": token,
+                        },
+                        proxy=proxy
+                    ) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 start = "data: "
                 async for line in response.content:
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ class GptGo(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                         line = json.loads(line[len(start):-1])
                         if line["choices"][0]["finish_reason"] == "stop":
                             break
-                        content = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             yield content
 
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/GptGod.py b/g4f/Provider/GptGod.py
index 060500a9..8a575746 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/GptGod.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/GptGod.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class GptGod(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             "Pragma": "no-cache",
             "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
         }
-        
+
         async with ClientSession(headers=headers) as session:
             prompt = format_prompt(messages)
             data = {
@@ -45,12 +45,11 @@ class GptGod(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 event = None
                 async for line in response.content:
                     print(line)
-                    
+
                     if line.startswith(b'event: '):
                         event = line[7:-1]
                     elif event == b"data" and line.startswith(b"data: "):
-                        data = json.loads(line[6:-1])
-                        if data:
+                        if data := json.loads(line[6:-1]):
                             yield data
                     elif event == b"done":
                         break
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Liaobots.py b/g4f/Provider/Liaobots.py
index 740be856..9dc52aae 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Liaobots.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Liaobots.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Liaobots(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             "authority": "liaobots.com",
             "content-type": "application/json",
             "origin": cls.url,
-            "referer": cls.url + "/",
+            "referer": f"{cls.url}/",
             "user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/112.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
         }
         async with ClientSession(
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Vercel.py b/g4f/Provider/Vercel.py
index 7c3b8c55..eb5aa20a 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Vercel.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Vercel.py
@@ -24,30 +24,27 @@ class Vercel(BaseProvider):
         
         if not model:
             model = "gpt-3.5-turbo"
-        
+
         elif model not in model_info:
             raise ValueError(f"Vercel does not support {model}")
-        
+
         headers = {
-            'authority'         : 'sdk.vercel.ai',
-            'accept'            : '*/*',
-            'accept-language'   : 'en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3',
-            'cache-control'     : 'no-cache',
-            'content-type'      : 'application/json',
-            'custom-encoding'   : get_anti_bot_token(),
-            'origin'            : 'https://sdk.vercel.ai',
-            'pragma'            : 'no-cache',
-            'referer'           : 'https://sdk.vercel.ai/',
-            'sec-ch-ua'         : '"Google Chrome";v="117", "Not;A=Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="117"',
-            'sec-ch-ua-mobile'  : '?0',
+            'authority': 'sdk.vercel.ai',
+            'accept': '*/*',
+            'accept-language': 'en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3',
+            'cache-control': 'no-cache',
+            'content-type': 'application/json',
+            'custom-encoding': get_anti_bot_token(),
+            'origin': 'https://sdk.vercel.ai',
+            'pragma': 'no-cache',
+            'referer': 'https://sdk.vercel.ai/',
+            'sec-ch-ua': '"Google Chrome";v="117", "Not;A=Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="117"',
+            'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
             'sec-ch-ua-platform': '"macOS"',
-            'sec-fetch-dest'    : 'empty',
-            'sec-fetch-mode'    : 'cors',
-            'sec-fetch-site'    : 'same-origin',
-            'user-agent'        :  'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/117.0.%s.%s Safari/537.36' % (
-                random.randint(99, 999),
-                random.randint(99, 999)
-            )
+            'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
+            'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
+            'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+            'user-agent': f'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/117.0.{random.randint(99, 999)}.{random.randint(99, 999)} Safari/537.36',
         }
 
         json_data = {
@@ -60,7 +57,7 @@ class Vercel(BaseProvider):
         }
 
         max_retries  = kwargs.get('max_retries', 20)
-        for i in range(max_retries):
+        for _ in range(max_retries):
             response = requests.post('https://sdk.vercel.ai/api/generate', 
                                     headers=headers, json=json_data, stream=True, proxies={"https": proxy})
             try:
@@ -74,22 +71,19 @@ class Vercel(BaseProvider):
 
 def get_anti_bot_token() -> str:
     headers = {
-        'authority'         : 'sdk.vercel.ai',
-        'accept'            : '*/*',
-        'accept-language'   : 'en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3',
-        'cache-control'     : 'no-cache',
-        'pragma'            : 'no-cache',
-        'referer'           : 'https://sdk.vercel.ai/',
-        'sec-ch-ua'         : '"Google Chrome";v="117", "Not;A=Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="117"',
-        'sec-ch-ua-mobile'  : '?0',
+        'authority': 'sdk.vercel.ai',
+        'accept': '*/*',
+        'accept-language': 'en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3',
+        'cache-control': 'no-cache',
+        'pragma': 'no-cache',
+        'referer': 'https://sdk.vercel.ai/',
+        'sec-ch-ua': '"Google Chrome";v="117", "Not;A=Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="117"',
+        'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
         'sec-ch-ua-platform': '"macOS"',
-        'sec-fetch-dest'    : 'empty',
-        'sec-fetch-mode'    : 'cors',
-        'sec-fetch-site'    : 'same-origin',
-        'user-agent'        : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/117.0.%s.%s Safari/537.36' % (
-            random.randint(99, 999), 
-            random.randint(99, 999)
-        )
+        'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
+        'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
+        'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+        'user-agent': f'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/117.0.{random.randint(99, 999)}.{random.randint(99, 999)} Safari/537.36',
     }
 
     response = requests.get('https://sdk.vercel.ai/openai.jpeg', 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/Ylokh.py b/g4f/Provider/Ylokh.py
index b13f846e..dce76f22 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/Ylokh.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/Ylokh.py
@@ -23,10 +23,7 @@ class Ylokh(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncResult:
         model = model if model else "gpt-3.5-turbo"
-        headers = {
-            "Origin" : cls.url,
-            "Referer": cls.url + "/",
-        }
+        headers = {"Origin": cls.url, "Referer": f"{cls.url}/"}
         data = {
             "messages": messages,
             "model": model,
@@ -39,10 +36,10 @@ class Ylokh(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             **kwargs
         }
         async with StreamSession(
-            headers=headers,
-            proxies={"https": proxy},
-            timeout=timeout
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers,
+                proxies={"https": proxy},
+                timeout=timeout
+            ) as session:
             async with session.post("https://chatapi.ylokh.xyz/v1/chat/completions", json=data) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 if stream:
@@ -52,8 +49,9 @@ class Ylokh(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                             if line.startswith("data: [DONE]"):
                                 break
                             line = json.loads(line[6:])
-                            content = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                            if content:
+                            if content := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get(
+                                "content"
+                            ):
                                 yield content
                 else:
                     chat = await response.json()
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/AiService.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/AiService.py
index d1d15859..325af670 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/AiService.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/AiService.py
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@ class AiService(BaseProvider):
         stream: bool,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> CreateResult:
-        base = "\n".join(f"{message['role']}: {message['content']}" for message in messages)
-        base += "\nassistant: "
-
+        base = (
+            "\n".join(
+                f"{message['role']}: {message['content']}" for message in messages
+            )
+            + "\nassistant: "
+        )
         headers = {
             "accept": "*/*",
             "content-type": "text/plain;charset=UTF-8",
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/CodeLinkAva.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/CodeLinkAva.py
index 8407ebb9..64ce1af9 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/CodeLinkAva.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/CodeLinkAva.py
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ class CodeLinkAva(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncGenerator:
         headers = {
-            "User-Agent"         : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
-            "Accept"             : "*/*",
-            "Accept-language"    : "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
-            "Origin"             : cls.url,
-            "Referer"            : cls.url + "/",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Dest"     : "empty",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Mode"     : "cors",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Site"     : "same-origin",
+            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+            "Accept": "*/*",
+            "Accept-language": "en,fr-FR;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8,es-ES;q=0.7,es;q=0.6,en-US;q=0.5,am;q=0.4,de;q=0.3",
+            "Origin": cls.url,
+            "Referer": f"{cls.url}/",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "empty",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "cors",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Site": "same-origin",
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             data = {
                 "messages": messages,
                 "temperature": 0.6,
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ class CodeLinkAva(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                         if line.startswith("data: [DONE]"):
                             break
                         line = json.loads(line[6:-1])
-                        content = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             yield content
 
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/EasyChat.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/EasyChat.py
index ffe9a785..bd49c09c 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/EasyChat.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/EasyChat.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class EasyChat(BaseProvider):
             "https://chat4.fastgpt.me",
             "https://gxos1h1ddt.fastgpt.me"
         ]
-        
+
         server  = active_servers[kwargs.get("active_server", random.randint(0, 5))]
         headers = {
             "authority"         : f"{server}".replace("https://", ""),
@@ -68,30 +68,26 @@ class EasyChat(BaseProvider):
 
         response = session.post(f"{server}/api/openai/v1/chat/completions",
             headers=headers, json=json_data, stream=stream)
-        
-        if response.status_code == 200:
-            
-            if stream == False:
-                json_data = response.json()
-                
-                if "choices" in json_data:
-                    yield json_data["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
-                else:
-                    raise Exception("No response from server")
-            
+
+        if response.status_code != 200:
+            raise Exception(f"Error {response.status_code} from server : {response.reason}")
+        if not stream:
+            json_data = response.json()
+
+            if "choices" in json_data:
+                yield json_data["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
             else:
+                raise Exception("No response from server")
+
+        else:
                 
-                for chunk in response.iter_lines():
+            for chunk in response.iter_lines():
                     
-                    if b"content" in chunk:
-                        splitData = chunk.decode().split("data:")
-                        
-                        if len(splitData) > 1:
-                            yield json.loads(splitData[1])["choices"][0]["delta"]["content"]
-                        else:
-                            continue
-        else:
-            raise Exception(f"Error {response.status_code} from server : {response.reason}")
+                if b"content" in chunk:
+                    splitData = chunk.decode().split("data:")
+
+                    if len(splitData) > 1:
+                        yield json.loads(splitData[1])["choices"][0]["delta"]["content"]
 
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Equing.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Equing.py
index 794274f2..5ba125a3 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Equing.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Equing.py
@@ -56,18 +56,17 @@ class Equing(BaseProvider):
 
         response = requests.post('https://next.eqing.tech/api/openai/v1/chat/completions',
             headers=headers, json=json_data, stream=stream)
-        
+
         if not stream:
             yield response.json()["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
             return
-        
+
         for line in response.iter_content(chunk_size=1024):
             if line:
                 if b'content' in line:
-                        line_json = json.loads(line.decode('utf-8').split('data: ')[1])
-                        token = line_json['choices'][0]['delta'].get('content')
-                        if token:
-                            yield token
+                    line_json = json.loads(line.decode('utf-8').split('data: ')[1])
+                    if token := line_json['choices'][0]['delta'].get('content'):
+                        yield token
 
     @classmethod
     @property
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/FastGpt.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/FastGpt.py
index 65efa29d..17b21b37 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/FastGpt.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/FastGpt.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class FastGpt(BaseProvider):
             'frequency_penalty' : kwargs.get('frequency_penalty', 0),
             'top_p'             : kwargs.get('top_p', 1),
         }
-        
+
         subdomain = random.choice([
             'jdaen979ew',
             'chat9'
@@ -63,15 +63,16 @@ class FastGpt(BaseProvider):
 
         response = requests.post(f'https://{subdomain}.fastgpt.me/api/openai/v1/chat/completions',
                                  headers=headers, json=json_data, stream=stream)
-        
+
         for line in response.iter_lines():
             if line:
                 try:
                     if b'content' in line:
-                            line_json = json.loads(line.decode('utf-8').split('data: ')[1])
-                            token = line_json['choices'][0]['delta'].get('content')
-                            if token:
-                                yield token
+                        line_json = json.loads(line.decode('utf-8').split('data: ')[1])
+                        if token := line_json['choices'][0]['delta'].get(
+                            'content'
+                        ):
+                            yield token
                 except:
                     continue
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/H2o.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/H2o.py
index 47290a3e..cead17e1 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/H2o.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/H2o.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class H2o(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncResult:
         model = model if model else cls.model
-        headers = {"Referer": cls.url + "/"}
+        headers = {"Referer": f"{cls.url}/"}
 
         async with ClientSession(
             headers=headers
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Lockchat.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Lockchat.py
index 4bd7c5fe..5acfbfbf 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Lockchat.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Lockchat.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Lockchat(BaseProvider):
         }
         response = requests.post("http://supertest.lockchat.app/v1/chat/completions",
                                  json=payload, headers=headers, stream=True)
-        
+
         response.raise_for_status()
         for token in response.iter_lines():
             if b"The model: `gpt-4` does not exist" in token:
@@ -44,11 +44,10 @@ class Lockchat(BaseProvider):
                     stream      = stream,
                     temperature = temperature,
                     **kwargs)
-            
+
             if b"content" in token:
                 token = json.loads(token.decode("utf-8").split("data: ")[1])
-                token = token["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                if token:
+                if token := token["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                     yield (token)
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/V50.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/V50.py
index 9a8b032c..f4f4d823 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/V50.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/V50.py
@@ -21,9 +21,12 @@ class V50(BaseProvider):
         messages: list[dict[str, str]],
         stream: bool, **kwargs: Any) -> CreateResult:
         
-        conversation = "\n".join(f"{message['role']}: {message['content']}" for message in messages)
-        conversation += "\nassistant: "
-
+        conversation = (
+            "\n".join(
+                f"{message['role']}: {message['content']}" for message in messages
+            )
+            + "\nassistant: "
+        )
         payload = {
             "prompt"        : conversation,
             "options"       : {},
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ class V50(BaseProvider):
             "model"         : model,
             "user"          : str(uuid.uuid4())
         }
-        
+
         headers = {
             'authority'         : 'p5.v50.ltd',
             'accept'            : 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
@@ -47,9 +50,13 @@ class V50(BaseProvider):
             'sec-fetch-site'    : 'same-origin',
             'user-agent'        : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
         }
-        response = requests.post("https://p5.v50.ltd/api/chat-process", 
-                                json=payload, headers=headers, proxies=kwargs['proxy'] if 'proxy' in kwargs else {})
-        
+        response = requests.post(
+            "https://p5.v50.ltd/api/chat-process",
+            json=payload,
+            headers=headers,
+            proxies=kwargs.get('proxy', {}),
+        )
+
         if "https://fk1.v50.ltd" not in response.text:
             yield response.text
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Vitalentum.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Vitalentum.py
index 8deb1f50..d6ba9336 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Vitalentum.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Vitalentum.py
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ class Vitalentum(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
         **kwargs
     ) -> AsyncResult:
         headers = {
-            "User-Agent"         : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
-            "Accept"             : "text/event-stream",
-            "Accept-language"    : "de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3",
-            "Origin"             : cls.url,
-            "Referer"            : cls.url + "/",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Dest"     : "empty",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Mode"     : "cors",
-            "Sec-Fetch-Site"     : "same-origin",
+            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+            "Accept": "text/event-stream",
+            "Accept-language": "de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3",
+            "Origin": cls.url,
+            "Referer": f"{cls.url}/",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "empty",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "cors",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Site": "same-origin",
         }
         conversation = json.dumps({"history": [{
             "speaker": "human" if message["role"] == "user" else "bot",
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Vitalentum(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
             **kwargs
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             async with session.post(f"{cls.url}/api/converse-edge", json=data, proxy=proxy) as response:
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 async for line in response.content:
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ class Vitalentum(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                         if line.startswith("data: [DONE]"):
                             break
                         line = json.loads(line[6:-1])
-                        content = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if content:
+                        if content := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             yield content
 
 
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Wuguokai.py b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Wuguokai.py
index 311131cf..079f0541 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Wuguokai.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/deprecated/Wuguokai.py
@@ -41,15 +41,20 @@ class Wuguokai(BaseProvider):
             "userId": f"#/chat/{random.randint(1,99999999)}",
             "usingContext": True
         }
-        response = requests.post("https://ai-api20.wuguokai.xyz/api/chat-process", headers=headers, timeout=3, json=data, proxies=kwargs['proxy'] if 'proxy' in kwargs else {})
+        response = requests.post(
+            "https://ai-api20.wuguokai.xyz/api/chat-process",
+            headers=headers,
+            timeout=3,
+            json=data,
+            proxies=kwargs.get('proxy', {}),
+        )
         _split = response.text.split("> 若回答失败请重试或多刷新几次界面后重试")
-        if response.status_code == 200:
-            if len(_split) > 1:
-                yield _split[1].strip()
-            else:
-                yield _split[0].strip()
-        else:
+        if response.status_code != 200:
             raise Exception(f"Error: {response.status_code} {response.reason}")
+        if len(_split) > 1:
+            yield _split[1].strip()
+        else:
+            yield _split[0].strip()
 
     @classmethod
     @property
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/helper.py b/g4f/Provider/helper.py
index 1b00ace5..519a024a 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/helper.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/helper.py
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ def get_cookies(domain_name=''):
     def g4f(domain_name):
         user_data_dir = user_config_dir("g4f")
         cookie_file = path.join(user_data_dir, "Default", "Cookies")
-        if not path.exists(cookie_file):
-            return []
-        return chrome(cookie_file, domain_name)
+        return [] if not path.exists(cookie_file) else chrome(cookie_file, domain_name)
+
     cookies = {}
     for cookie_fn in [g4f, chrome, chromium, opera, opera_gx, brave, edge, vivaldi, firefox]:
         try:
@@ -96,16 +95,15 @@ def get_cookies(domain_name=''):
 
 
 def format_prompt(messages: Messages, add_special_tokens=False) -> str:
-    if add_special_tokens or len(messages) > 1:
-        formatted = "\n".join(
-            [
-                "%s: %s" % ((message["role"]).capitalize(), message["content"])
-                for message in messages
-            ]
-        )
-        return f"{formatted}\nAssistant:"
-    else:
+    if not add_special_tokens and len(messages) <= 1:
         return messages[0]["content"]
+    formatted = "\n".join(
+        [
+            f'{message["role"].capitalize()}: {message["content"]}'
+            for message in messages
+        ]
+    )
+    return f"{formatted}\nAssistant:"
 
 
 def get_browser(user_data_dir: str = None):
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Bard.py b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Bard.py
index fe9777db..092268f8 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Bard.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Bard.py
@@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ class Bard(AsyncProvider):
             'x-same-domain': '1',
         }
         async with ClientSession(
-            cookies=cookies,
-            headers=headers
-        ) as session:
+                cookies=cookies,
+                headers=headers
+            ) as session:
             if not cls._snlm0e:
                 async with session.get(cls.url, proxy=proxy) as response:
                     text = await response.text()
 
-                match = re.search(r'SNlM0e\":\"(.*?)\"', text)
-                if not match:
+                if match := re.search(r'SNlM0e\":\"(.*?)\"', text):
+                    cls._snlm0e = match.group(1)
+
+                else:
                     raise RuntimeError("No snlm0e value.")
-                cls._snlm0e = match.group(1)
-            
             params = {
                 'bl': 'boq_assistant-bard-web-server_20230326.21_p0',
                 '_reqid': random.randint(1111, 9999),
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Raycast.py b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Raycast.py
index 4b448985..4570fd9f 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Raycast.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Raycast.py
@@ -32,12 +32,10 @@ class Raycast(BaseProvider):
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             'User-Agent': 'Raycast/0 CFNetwork/1410.0.3 Darwin/22.6.0',
         }
-        parsed_messages = []
-        for message in messages:
-            parsed_messages.append({
-                'author': message['role'],
-                'content': {'text': message['content']}
-            })
+        parsed_messages = [
+            {'author': message['role'], 'content': {'text': message['content']}}
+            for message in messages
+        ]
         data = {
             "debug": False,
             "locale": "en-CN",
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Theb.py b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Theb.py
index 9803db97..b3c9019d 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Theb.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/needs_auth/Theb.py
@@ -28,28 +28,28 @@ class Theb(BaseProvider):
             "bearer_token":"free",
             "org_id":"theb",
         })
-        
+
         bearer_token = auth["bearer_token"]
         org_id       = auth["org_id"]
-        
+
         headers = {
-            'authority'         : 'beta.theb.ai',
-            'accept'            : 'text/event-stream',
-            'accept-language'   : 'id-ID,id;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7',
-            'authorization'     : 'Bearer '+bearer_token,
-            'content-type'      : 'application/json',
-            'origin'            : 'https://beta.theb.ai',
-            'referer'           : 'https://beta.theb.ai/home',
-            'sec-ch-ua'         : '"Chromium";v="116", "Not)A;Brand";v="24", "Google Chrome";v="116"',
-            'sec-ch-ua-mobile'  : '?0',
+            'authority': 'beta.theb.ai',
+            'accept': 'text/event-stream',
+            'accept-language': 'id-ID,id;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7',
+            'authorization': f'Bearer {bearer_token}',
+            'content-type': 'application/json',
+            'origin': 'https://beta.theb.ai',
+            'referer': 'https://beta.theb.ai/home',
+            'sec-ch-ua': '"Chromium";v="116", "Not)A;Brand";v="24", "Google Chrome";v="116"',
+            'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
             'sec-ch-ua-platform': '"Windows"',
-            'sec-fetch-dest'    : 'empty',
-            'sec-fetch-mode'    : 'cors',
-            'sec-fetch-site'    : 'same-origin',
-            'user-agent'        : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
-            'x-ai-model'        : 'ee8d4f29cb7047f78cbe84313ed6ace8',
+            'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
+            'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
+            'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+            'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
+            'x-ai-model': 'ee8d4f29cb7047f78cbe84313ed6ace8',
         }
-        
+
         req_rand = random.randint(100000000, 9999999999)
 
         json_data: dict[str, Any] = {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class Theb(BaseProvider):
                 "long_term_memory"  : "auto"
             }
         }
-        
+
         response = requests.post(
             f"https://beta.theb.ai/api/conversation?org_id={org_id}&req_rand={req_rand}",
             headers=headers,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Theb(BaseProvider):
             stream=True,
             proxies={"https": proxy}
         )
-        
+
         response.raise_for_status()
         content = ""
         next_content = ""
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class Theb(BaseProvider):
                 next_content = content
                 data = json.loads(chunk.decode().split("data: ")[1])
                 content = data["content"]
-                yield data["content"].replace(next_content, "")
+                yield content.replace(next_content, "")
 
     @classmethod
     @property
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/ChatAiGpt.py b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/ChatAiGpt.py
index c77afb48..9d050093 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/ChatAiGpt.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/ChatAiGpt.py
@@ -43,10 +43,12 @@ class ChatAiGpt(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 async with session.get(f"{cls.url}/", proxy=proxy) as response:
                     response.raise_for_status()
                     response = await response.text()
-                    result = re.search(r'data-nonce=(.*?) data-post-id=([0-9]+)', response)
-                    if not result:
+                    if result := re.search(
+                        r'data-nonce=(.*?) data-post-id=([0-9]+)', response
+                    ):
+                        cls._nonce, cls._post_id = result.group(1), result.group(2)
+                    else:
                         raise RuntimeError("No nonce found")
-                    cls._nonce, cls._post_id = result.group(1), result.group(2)
             prompt = format_prompt(messages)
             data = {
                 "_wpnonce": cls._nonce,
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/MikuChat.py b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/MikuChat.py
index bf19631f..970fb0bb 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/MikuChat.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/MikuChat.py
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ class MikuChat(AsyncGeneratorProvider):
                 async for line in response.iter_lines():
                     if line.startswith(b"data: "):
                         line = json.loads(line[6:])
-                        chunk = line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content")
-                        if chunk:
+                        if chunk := line["choices"][0]["delta"].get("content"):
                             yield chunk
 
 def k(e: str, t: int):
diff --git a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/PerplexityAi.py b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/PerplexityAi.py
index 3e096808..e97dbf0d 100644
--- a/g4f/Provider/unfinished/PerplexityAi.py
+++ b/g4f/Provider/unfinished/PerplexityAi.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class PerplexityAi(AsyncProvider):
         proxy: str = None,
         **kwargs
     ) -> str:
-        url = cls.url + "/socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=polling"
+        url = f"{cls.url}/socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=polling"
         headers = {
             "Referer": f"{cls.url}/"
         }