path: root/src/core/memory.cpp

// Copyright 2015 Citra Emulator Project
// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
// Refer to the license.txt file included.

#include <array>
#include <cstring>
#include "audio_core/audio_core.h"
#include "common/assert.h"
#include "common/common_types.h"
#include "common/logging/log.h"
#include "common/swap.h"
#include "core/hle/kernel/memory.h"
#include "core/hle/kernel/process.h"
#include "core/memory.h"
#include "core/memory_setup.h"
#include "video_core/renderer_base.h"
#include "video_core/video_core.h"

namespace Memory {

static std::array<u8, Memory::VRAM_SIZE> vram;
static std::array<u8, Memory::N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_SIZE> n3ds_extra_ram;

PageTable* current_page_table = nullptr;

std::array<u8*, PAGE_TABLE_NUM_ENTRIES>* GetCurrentPageTablePointers() {
    return &current_page_table->pointers;
}

static void MapPages(PageTable& page_table, u32 base, u32 size, u8* memory, PageType type) {
    LOG_DEBUG(HW_Memory, "Mapping %p onto %08X-%08X", memory, base * PAGE_SIZE,
              (base + size) * PAGE_SIZE);

    RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(base << PAGE_BITS, size * PAGE_SIZE,
                                 FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);

    u32 end = base + size;
    while (base != end) {
        ASSERT_MSG(base < PAGE_TABLE_NUM_ENTRIES, "out of range mapping at %08X", base);

        page_table.attributes[base] = type;
        page_table.pointers[base] = memory;
        page_table.cached_res_count[base] = 0;

        base += 1;
        if (memory != nullptr)
            memory += PAGE_SIZE;
    }
}

void MapMemoryRegion(PageTable& page_table, VAddr base, u32 size, u8* target) {
    ASSERT_MSG((size & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned size: %08X", size);
    ASSERT_MSG((base & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned base: %08X", base);
    MapPages(page_table, base / PAGE_SIZE, size / PAGE_SIZE, target, PageType::Memory);
}

void MapIoRegion(PageTable& page_table, VAddr base, u32 size, MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler) {
    ASSERT_MSG((size & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned size: %08X", size);
    ASSERT_MSG((base & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned base: %08X", base);
    MapPages(page_table, base / PAGE_SIZE, size / PAGE_SIZE, nullptr, PageType::Special);

    page_table.special_regions.emplace_back(SpecialRegion{base, size, mmio_handler});
}

void UnmapRegion(PageTable& page_table, VAddr base, u32 size) {
    ASSERT_MSG((size & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned size: %08X", size);
    ASSERT_MSG((base & PAGE_MASK) == 0, "non-page aligned base: %08X", base);
    MapPages(page_table, base / PAGE_SIZE, size / PAGE_SIZE, nullptr, PageType::Unmapped);
}

/**
 * Gets a pointer to the exact memory at the virtual address (i.e. not page aligned)
 * using a VMA from the current process
 */
static u8* GetPointerFromVMA(VAddr vaddr) {
    u8* direct_pointer = nullptr;

    auto& vm_manager = Kernel::g_current_process->vm_manager;

    auto it = vm_manager.FindVMA(vaddr);
    ASSERT(it != vm_manager.vma_map.end());

    auto& vma = it->second;
    switch (vma.type) {
    case Kernel::VMAType::AllocatedMemoryBlock:
        direct_pointer = vma.backing_block->data() + vma.offset;
        break;
    case Kernel::VMAType::BackingMemory:
        direct_pointer = vma.backing_memory;
        break;
    case Kernel::VMAType::Free:
        return nullptr;
    default:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }

    return direct_pointer + (vaddr - vma.base);
}

/**
 * This function should only be called for virtual addreses with attribute `PageType::Special`.
 */
static MMIORegionPointer GetMMIOHandler(VAddr vaddr) {
    for (const auto& region : current_page_table->special_regions) {
        if (vaddr >= region.base && vaddr < (region.base + region.size)) {
            return region.handler;
        }
    }
    ASSERT_MSG(false, "Mapped IO page without a handler @ %08X", vaddr);
    return nullptr; // Should never happen
}

template <typename T>
T ReadMMIO(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr);

template <typename T>
T Read(const VAddr vaddr) {
    const u8* page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    if (page_pointer) {
        // NOTE: Avoid adding any extra logic to this fast-path block
        T value;
        std::memcpy(&value, &page_pointer[vaddr & PAGE_MASK], sizeof(T));
        return value;
    }

    PageType type = current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    switch (type) {
    case PageType::Unmapped:
        LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unmapped Read%lu @ 0x%08X", sizeof(T) * 8, vaddr);
        return 0;
    case PageType::Memory:
        ASSERT_MSG(false, "Mapped memory page without a pointer @ %08X", vaddr);
        break;
    case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
        RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(vaddr, sizeof(T), FlushMode::Flush);

        T value;
        std::memcpy(&value, GetPointerFromVMA(vaddr), sizeof(T));
        return value;
    }
    case PageType::Special:
        return ReadMMIO<T>(GetMMIOHandler(vaddr), vaddr);
    case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
        RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(vaddr, sizeof(T), FlushMode::Flush);
        return ReadMMIO<T>(GetMMIOHandler(vaddr), vaddr);
    }
    default:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }
}

template <typename T>
void WriteMMIO(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr, const T data);

template <typename T>
void Write(const VAddr vaddr, const T data) {
    u8* page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    if (page_pointer) {
        // NOTE: Avoid adding any extra logic to this fast-path block
        std::memcpy(&page_pointer[vaddr & PAGE_MASK], &data, sizeof(T));
        return;
    }

    PageType type = current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    switch (type) {
    case PageType::Unmapped:
        LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unmapped Write%lu 0x%08X @ 0x%08X", sizeof(data) * 8, (u32)data,
                  vaddr);
        return;
    case PageType::Memory:
        ASSERT_MSG(false, "Mapped memory page without a pointer @ %08X", vaddr);
        break;
    case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
        RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(vaddr, sizeof(T), FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
        std::memcpy(GetPointerFromVMA(vaddr), &data, sizeof(T));
        break;
    }
    case PageType::Special:
        WriteMMIO<T>(GetMMIOHandler(vaddr), vaddr, data);
        break;
    case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
        RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(vaddr, sizeof(T), FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
        WriteMMIO<T>(GetMMIOHandler(vaddr), vaddr, data);
        break;
    }
    default:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }
}

bool IsValidVirtualAddress(const VAddr vaddr) {
    const u8* page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    if (page_pointer)
        return true;

    if (current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS] == PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory)
        return true;

    if (current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS] != PageType::Special)
        return false;

    MMIORegionPointer mmio_region = GetMMIOHandler(vaddr);
    if (mmio_region) {
        return mmio_region->IsValidAddress(vaddr);
    }

    return false;
}

bool IsValidPhysicalAddress(const PAddr paddr) {
    boost::optional<VAddr> vaddr = PhysicalToVirtualAddress(paddr);
    return vaddr && IsValidVirtualAddress(*vaddr);
}

u8* GetPointer(const VAddr vaddr) {
    u8* page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
    if (page_pointer) {
        return page_pointer + (vaddr & PAGE_MASK);
    }

    if (current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS] == PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory) {
        return GetPointerFromVMA(vaddr);
    }

    LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unknown GetPointer @ 0x%08x", vaddr);
    return nullptr;
}

std::string ReadCString(VAddr vaddr, std::size_t max_length) {
    std::string string;
    string.reserve(max_length);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < max_length; ++i) {
        char c = Read8(vaddr);
        if (c == '\0')
            break;
        string.push_back(c);
        ++vaddr;
    }
    string.shrink_to_fit();
    return string;
}

u8* GetPhysicalPointer(PAddr address) {
    struct MemoryArea {
        PAddr paddr_base;
        u32 size;
    };

    static constexpr MemoryArea memory_areas[] = {
        {VRAM_PADDR, VRAM_SIZE},
        {IO_AREA_PADDR, IO_AREA_SIZE},
        {DSP_RAM_PADDR, DSP_RAM_SIZE},
        {FCRAM_PADDR, FCRAM_N3DS_SIZE},
        {N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR, N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_SIZE},
    };

    const auto area =
        std::find_if(std::begin(memory_areas), std::end(memory_areas), [&](const auto& area) {
            return address >= area.paddr_base && address < area.paddr_base + area.size;
        });

    if (area == std::end(memory_areas)) {
        LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unknown GetPhysicalPointer @ 0x%08X", address);
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (area->paddr_base == IO_AREA_PADDR) {
        LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "MMIO mappings are not supported yet. phys_addr=0x%08X", address);
        return nullptr;
    }

    u32 offset_into_region = address - area->paddr_base;

    u8* target_pointer = nullptr;
    switch (area->paddr_base) {
    case VRAM_PADDR:
        target_pointer = vram.data() + offset_into_region;
        break;
    case DSP_RAM_PADDR:
        target_pointer = AudioCore::GetDspMemory().data() + offset_into_region;
        break;
    case FCRAM_PADDR:
        for (const auto& region : Kernel::memory_regions) {
            if (offset_into_region >= region.base &&
                offset_into_region < region.base + region.size) {
                target_pointer =
                    region.linear_heap_memory->data() + offset_into_region - region.base;
                break;
            }
        }
        ASSERT_MSG(target_pointer != nullptr, "Invalid FCRAM address");
        break;
    case N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR:
        target_pointer = n3ds_extra_ram.data() + offset_into_region;
        break;
    default:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }

    return target_pointer;
}

void RasterizerMarkRegionCached(PAddr start, u32 size, int count_delta) {
    if (start == 0) {
        return;
    }

    u32 num_pages = ((start + size - 1) >> PAGE_BITS) - (start >> PAGE_BITS) + 1;
    PAddr paddr = start;

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_pages; ++i, paddr += PAGE_SIZE) {
        boost::optional<VAddr> maybe_vaddr = PhysicalToVirtualAddress(paddr);
        if (!maybe_vaddr)
            continue;
        VAddr vaddr = *maybe_vaddr;

        u8& res_count = current_page_table->cached_res_count[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
        ASSERT_MSG(count_delta <= UINT8_MAX - res_count,
                   "Rasterizer resource cache counter overflow!");
        ASSERT_MSG(count_delta >= -res_count, "Rasterizer resource cache counter underflow!");

        // Switch page type to cached if now cached
        if (res_count == 0) {
            PageType& page_type = current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
            switch (page_type) {
            case PageType::Memory:
                page_type = PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory;
                current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS] = nullptr;
                break;
            case PageType::Special:
                page_type = PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial;
                break;
            default:
                UNREACHABLE();
            }
        }

        res_count += count_delta;

        // Switch page type to uncached if now uncached
        if (res_count == 0) {
            PageType& page_type = current_page_table->attributes[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
            switch (page_type) {
            case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
                u8* pointer = GetPointerFromVMA(vaddr & ~PAGE_MASK);
                if (pointer == nullptr) {
                    // It's possible that this function has called been while updating the pagetable
                    // after unmapping a VMA. In that case the underlying VMA will no longer exist,
                    // and we should just leave the pagetable entry blank.
                    page_type = PageType::Unmapped;
                } else {
                    page_type = PageType::Memory;
                    current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS] = pointer;
                }
                break;
            }
            case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial:
                page_type = PageType::Special;
                break;
            default:
                UNREACHABLE();
            }
        }
    }
}

void RasterizerFlushRegion(PAddr start, u32 size) {
    if (VideoCore::g_renderer != nullptr) {
        VideoCore::g_renderer->Rasterizer()->FlushRegion(start, size);
    }
}

void RasterizerFlushAndInvalidateRegion(PAddr start, u32 size) {
    // Since pages are unmapped on shutdown after video core is shutdown, the renderer may be
    // null here
    if (VideoCore::g_renderer != nullptr) {
        VideoCore::g_renderer->Rasterizer()->FlushAndInvalidateRegion(start, size);
    }
}

void RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(VAddr start, u32 size, FlushMode mode) {
    // Since pages are unmapped on shutdown after video core is shutdown, the renderer may be
    // null here
    if (VideoCore::g_renderer != nullptr) {
        VAddr end = start + size;

        auto CheckRegion = [&](VAddr region_start, VAddr region_end) {
            if (start >= region_end || end <= region_start) {
                // No overlap with region
                return;
            }

            VAddr overlap_start = std::max(start, region_start);
            VAddr overlap_end = std::min(end, region_end);

            PAddr physical_start = TryVirtualToPhysicalAddress(overlap_start).value();
            u32 overlap_size = overlap_end - overlap_start;

            auto* rasterizer = VideoCore::g_renderer->Rasterizer();
            switch (mode) {
            case FlushMode::Flush:
                rasterizer->FlushRegion(physical_start, overlap_size);
                break;
            case FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate:
                rasterizer->FlushAndInvalidateRegion(physical_start, overlap_size);
                break;
            }
        };

        CheckRegion(LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR, LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR_END);
        CheckRegion(NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR, NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR_END);
        CheckRegion(VRAM_VADDR, VRAM_VADDR_END);
    }
}

u8 Read8(const VAddr addr) {
    return Read<u8>(addr);
}

u16 Read16(const VAddr addr) {
    return Read<u16_le>(addr);
}

u32 Read32(const VAddr addr) {
    return Read<u32_le>(addr);
}

u64 Read64(const VAddr addr) {
    return Read<u64_le>(addr);
}

void ReadBlock(const VAddr src_addr, void* dest_buffer, const size_t size) {
    size_t remaining_size = size;
    size_t page_index = src_addr >> PAGE_BITS;
    size_t page_offset = src_addr & PAGE_MASK;

    while (remaining_size > 0) {
        const size_t copy_amount = std::min(PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size);
        const VAddr current_vaddr = (page_index << PAGE_BITS) + page_offset;

        switch (current_page_table->attributes[page_index]) {
        case PageType::Unmapped: {
            LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unmapped ReadBlock @ 0x%08X (start address = 0x%08X, size = %zu)",
                      current_vaddr, src_addr, size);
            std::memset(dest_buffer, 0, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Memory: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(current_page_table->pointers[page_index]);

            const u8* src_ptr = current_page_table->pointers[page_index] + page_offset;
            std::memcpy(dest_buffer, src_ptr, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Special: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));

            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->ReadBlock(current_vaddr, dest_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::Flush);
            std::memcpy(dest_buffer, GetPointerFromVMA(current_vaddr), copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::Flush);
            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->ReadBlock(current_vaddr, dest_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        default:
            UNREACHABLE();
        }

        page_index++;
        page_offset = 0;
        dest_buffer = static_cast<u8*>(dest_buffer) + copy_amount;
        remaining_size -= copy_amount;
    }
}

void Write8(const VAddr addr, const u8 data) {
    Write<u8>(addr, data);
}

void Write16(const VAddr addr, const u16 data) {
    Write<u16_le>(addr, data);
}

void Write32(const VAddr addr, const u32 data) {
    Write<u32_le>(addr, data);
}

void Write64(const VAddr addr, const u64 data) {
    Write<u64_le>(addr, data);
}

void WriteBlock(const VAddr dest_addr, const void* src_buffer, const size_t size) {
    size_t remaining_size = size;
    size_t page_index = dest_addr >> PAGE_BITS;
    size_t page_offset = dest_addr & PAGE_MASK;

    while (remaining_size > 0) {
        const size_t copy_amount = std::min(PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size);
        const VAddr current_vaddr = (page_index << PAGE_BITS) + page_offset;

        switch (current_page_table->attributes[page_index]) {
        case PageType::Unmapped: {
            LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory,
                      "unmapped WriteBlock @ 0x%08X (start address = 0x%08X, size = %zu)",
                      current_vaddr, dest_addr, size);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Memory: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(current_page_table->pointers[page_index]);

            u8* dest_ptr = current_page_table->pointers[page_index] + page_offset;
            std::memcpy(dest_ptr, src_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Special: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));

            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->WriteBlock(current_vaddr, src_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
            std::memcpy(GetPointerFromVMA(current_vaddr), src_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->WriteBlock(current_vaddr, src_buffer, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        default:
            UNREACHABLE();
        }

        page_index++;
        page_offset = 0;
        src_buffer = static_cast<const u8*>(src_buffer) + copy_amount;
        remaining_size -= copy_amount;
    }
}

void ZeroBlock(const VAddr dest_addr, const size_t size) {
    size_t remaining_size = size;
    size_t page_index = dest_addr >> PAGE_BITS;
    size_t page_offset = dest_addr & PAGE_MASK;

    static const std::array<u8, PAGE_SIZE> zeros = {};

    while (remaining_size > 0) {
        const size_t copy_amount = std::min(PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size);
        const VAddr current_vaddr = (page_index << PAGE_BITS) + page_offset;

        switch (current_page_table->attributes[page_index]) {
        case PageType::Unmapped: {
            LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unmapped ZeroBlock @ 0x%08X (start address = 0x%08X, size = %zu)",
                      current_vaddr, dest_addr, size);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Memory: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(current_page_table->pointers[page_index]);

            u8* dest_ptr = current_page_table->pointers[page_index] + page_offset;
            std::memset(dest_ptr, 0, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Special: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));

            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->WriteBlock(current_vaddr, zeros.data(), copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
            std::memset(GetPointerFromVMA(current_vaddr), 0, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::FlushAndInvalidate);
            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->WriteBlock(current_vaddr, zeros.data(), copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        default:
            UNREACHABLE();
        }

        page_index++;
        page_offset = 0;
        remaining_size -= copy_amount;
    }
}

void CopyBlock(VAddr dest_addr, VAddr src_addr, const size_t size) {
    size_t remaining_size = size;
    size_t page_index = src_addr >> PAGE_BITS;
    size_t page_offset = src_addr & PAGE_MASK;

    while (remaining_size > 0) {
        const size_t copy_amount = std::min(PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size);
        const VAddr current_vaddr = (page_index << PAGE_BITS) + page_offset;

        switch (current_page_table->attributes[page_index]) {
        case PageType::Unmapped: {
            LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "unmapped CopyBlock @ 0x%08X (start address = 0x%08X, size = %zu)",
                      current_vaddr, src_addr, size);
            ZeroBlock(dest_addr, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Memory: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(current_page_table->pointers[page_index]);
            const u8* src_ptr = current_page_table->pointers[page_index] + page_offset;
            WriteBlock(dest_addr, src_ptr, copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::Special: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));

            std::vector<u8> buffer(copy_amount);
            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->ReadBlock(current_vaddr, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
            WriteBlock(dest_addr, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::Flush);
            WriteBlock(dest_addr, GetPointerFromVMA(current_vaddr), copy_amount);
            break;
        }
        case PageType::RasterizerCachedSpecial: {
            DEBUG_ASSERT(GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr));
            RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(current_vaddr, copy_amount, FlushMode::Flush);

            std::vector<u8> buffer(copy_amount);
            GetMMIOHandler(current_vaddr)->ReadBlock(current_vaddr, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
            WriteBlock(dest_addr, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
            break;
        }
        default:
            UNREACHABLE();
        }

        page_index++;
        page_offset = 0;
        dest_addr += copy_amount;
        src_addr += copy_amount;
        remaining_size -= copy_amount;
    }
}

template <>
u8 ReadMMIO<u8>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr) {
    return mmio_handler->Read8(addr);
}

template <>
u16 ReadMMIO<u16>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr) {
    return mmio_handler->Read16(addr);
}

template <>
u32 ReadMMIO<u32>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr) {
    return mmio_handler->Read32(addr);
}

template <>
u64 ReadMMIO<u64>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr) {
    return mmio_handler->Read64(addr);
}

template <>
void WriteMMIO<u8>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr, const u8 data) {
    mmio_handler->Write8(addr, data);
}

template <>
void WriteMMIO<u16>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr, const u16 data) {
    mmio_handler->Write16(addr, data);
}

template <>
void WriteMMIO<u32>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr, const u32 data) {
    mmio_handler->Write32(addr, data);
}

template <>
void WriteMMIO<u64>(MMIORegionPointer mmio_handler, VAddr addr, const u64 data) {
    mmio_handler->Write64(addr, data);
}

boost::optional<PAddr> TryVirtualToPhysicalAddress(const VAddr addr) {
    if (addr == 0) {
        return 0;
    } else if (addr >= VRAM_VADDR && addr < VRAM_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - VRAM_VADDR + VRAM_PADDR;
    } else if (addr >= LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR && addr < LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR + FCRAM_PADDR;
    } else if (addr >= NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR && addr < NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR + FCRAM_PADDR;
    } else if (addr >= DSP_RAM_VADDR && addr < DSP_RAM_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - DSP_RAM_VADDR + DSP_RAM_PADDR;
    } else if (addr >= IO_AREA_VADDR && addr < IO_AREA_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - IO_AREA_VADDR + IO_AREA_PADDR;
    } else if (addr >= N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_VADDR && addr < N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_VADDR_END) {
        return addr - N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_VADDR + N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR;
    }

    return boost::none;
}

PAddr VirtualToPhysicalAddress(const VAddr addr) {
    auto paddr = TryVirtualToPhysicalAddress(addr);
    if (!paddr) {
        LOG_ERROR(HW_Memory, "Unknown virtual address @ 0x%08X", addr);
        // To help with debugging, set bit on address so that it's obviously invalid.
        return addr | 0x80000000;
    }
    return *paddr;
}

boost::optional<VAddr> PhysicalToVirtualAddress(const PAddr addr) {
    if (addr == 0) {
        return 0;
    } else if (addr >= VRAM_PADDR && addr < VRAM_PADDR_END) {
        return addr - VRAM_PADDR + VRAM_VADDR;
    } else if (addr >= FCRAM_PADDR && addr < FCRAM_PADDR_END) {
        return addr - FCRAM_PADDR + Kernel::g_current_process->GetLinearHeapAreaAddress();
    } else if (addr >= DSP_RAM_PADDR && addr < DSP_RAM_PADDR_END) {
        return addr - DSP_RAM_PADDR + DSP_RAM_VADDR;
    } else if (addr >= IO_AREA_PADDR && addr < IO_AREA_PADDR_END) {
        return addr - IO_AREA_PADDR + IO_AREA_VADDR;
    } else if (addr >= N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR && addr < N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR_END) {
        return addr - N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR + N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_VADDR;
    }

    return boost::none;
}

} // namespace